Q. Where do we use IR and NMR Spectroscopy?
IR Spectroscopy (Infrared):
Used to identify functional groups in organic and inorganic compounds.
Determines bond vibrations — confirms presence of groups like –OH, –NH, –CO, –CH.
Commonly used in raw material and product identification in pharma and chemical industries.
Helps in purity check and confirmation of chemical structure.
NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance):
Used to determine molecular structure and arrangement of atoms.
Provides detailed information about hydrogen (¹H) and carbon (¹³C) environments.
Essential for structure elucidation of organic compounds and research-based analysis.
Helps confirm isomeric forms and molecular connectivity precisely.
Q. What is the difference between GC and HPLC?
GC = for volatile compounds
HPLC = for non-volatile compounds.
Principle:
GC (Gas Chromatography): Separates compounds based on volatility and boiling point.
HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography): Separates compounds based on polarity and solubility in liquid phase.
Sample Type:
GC: Used for volatile and thermally stable compounds.
HPLC: Used for non-volatile, thermally unstable, and larger molecules.
Mobile Phase:
GC: Uses inert gas (e.g., helium, nitrogen).
HPLC: Uses liquid solvent (e.g., water, methanol, acetonitrile).
Detector Type:
GC: Flame Ionization Detector (FID), TCD, MS.
HPLC: UV, PDA, RI, Fluorescence detectors.
Application:
GC: Suitable for petrochemicals, gases, essential oils, solvents.
HPLC: Used in pharmaceuticals, proteins, polymers, and biochemicals.